A Brief Note On The Louisiana Territory Impacted The...

Sonny Boddie Period 3 Mrs. McQuade Research Paper Outline In 1803, the Louisiana territory impacted the United States of America with the acquisition of land all across North America. â€Å"Immediately after the ratification of the present Treaty by the President of the United States†¦the commissary of the French Republic shall remit all military posts of New Orleans and other parts of the ceded territory to†¦the President to take possession†. The Louisiana territory was purchased from the French for fifteen million dollars. This was after the Spanish had sold the territory to France. Unlike the United States, France had not realized the great significance of this land and all the opportunities it could have potentially opened to their own†¦show more content†¦The Louisiana Purchase allowed more efficient methods of trading goods through a boost in new opportunities. New Orleans, a piece of property that came with the purchase, became a major shipping port for the United States. â€Å"The treaty gave American tra ders a place to unload their flatboats and a bateaux near the port of New Orleans so they could transfer their cargoes to ocean-going vessels† . Being able to transfer goods to ocean-going ships facilitated the process of trade. New Orleans opened trading access to the Mississippi and the rest of the world. By controlling the New Orleans port, the United States had the capability to trade with overseas nations. Previously, states further inland had to transport their products all the way to the East Coast which took several weeks due to the poor transportation routes which included crossing or going around the Appalachian Mountains. The US economy was now able to grow at a much greater rate. Furthermore, as part of the Louisiana Purchase treaty, the United States was given full control of the Mississippi River. â€Å"Americans living on the frontier west of the Appalachians were dependent on shipping their agricultural goods†¦to New Orleans. Thus, they needed the Mississ ippi†. Being on the west of the Appalachian Mountains made it difficult to transport products, however now with occupation of the Mississippi, crops and goods could be transported west of the mountains in a more efficient manner.

The Theme of Revenge in Hamlet Essay example - 932 Words

Revenge is a recurring theme in Hamlet. Although Hamlet wants to avenge his father’s death, he is afraid of what would result from this. In the play Hamlet, Hamlet’s unwillingness to revenge appears throughout the text; Shakespeare exhibits this through Hamlet’s realization that revenge is not the right option, Hamlet‘s realization that revenge is the same as the crime which was already committed, and his understanding that to revenge is to become a â€Å"beast† and to not revenge is as well (Kastan 1). According to David Scott Kastan in â€Å"Hamlet and the Imitation of Revenge† Hamlet is concerned that he will leave a â€Å"wounded name† behind (1). What Hamlet fails to realize is that his name is already â€Å"wounded† because his father was murdered.†¦show more content†¦The revenger is not allowed to develop a plan of action and is only allowed to re-enact the original crime (Kastan 2). As Kastan acknowledges, à ¢â‚¬Å"Hamlet’s delay may be understood as his resistance to accept his imitative relation† (2). This means that although Hamlet wants to avenge his father’s death, he realizes it is not the right thing to do. It is only when Hamlet assures himself that revenge is â€Å"a mode of restoration rather than reprisal† that he can try to execute his plan, still acknowledging the inescapable relation he would have as a villain and avenger (Kastan 2). Hamlet ultimately believes that to revenge is to become a â€Å"beast† but to not revenge is also to be a â€Å"beast† (Kastan 3). According to Kastan, â€Å"Hamlet is prevented from enacting his revenge by the discomforting ratios that his literary imitations generate† (4). He is also stopped from executing his revenge because of his inability to separate himself from his father, to be different from what generated him (Kastan 4). By this point, Hamlet is no longer caught between whether to avenge his father or not, it is that he no longer realizes whether he is doing this for his father or for himself. When Hamlet finally does kill Claudius, he does it to avenge not his father, but himself (Kastan 4). â€Å"Hamlet dies with no word of the father he has sworn to remember† writes David Scott Kastan, â€Å"The act he finallyShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Revenge In Hamlet1763 Words   |  8 PagesRevenge is one of the deepest instincts common to humanity. Different people emit different purposes of revenge and are most likely filled with an internal confliction of emotions. Once that individual gets his/her revenge, a feeling of justice is established in the mind. Unfortunately, many people blindly take revenge without thinking of their actions or the consequences and believe that they will be able to move on after they take revenge. Revenge is ultimately placed in the hands of the impatientRead MoreTheme Of Revenge In Hamlet792 Words   |  4 PagesRevenge is some thing most people seek when they are hurt by someone or a loved one of theirs is hurt. Revenge can be a physical or verbal action toward someone. In William Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the play has a major theme of revenge. Many of the characters in the play are seeking revenge, such as Hamlet, Claudius, and Laertes. Some of the characters are seeking revenge due to their father’s deaths, and others are encouraging someone to seek revenge. The theme revenge can lead to death is seenRead MoreRevenge Themes in Hamlet1077 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play ‘Hamlet written by William Shakespeare in Elizabethan times, the theme of revenge is a constant throughout the plot. Not only does it underlie almost every scene, but it also has a major effect on the story as a whole. Two of the main revenge plots within the play are Hamlets aim to avenge his father by killing his uncle, the king Claudius, and Laertes aim to avenge the murder of his father by killing Hamlet. These t wo revenge plots play a major role in presenting to the audience theRead MoreThe Theme Of Revenge In Hamlet1438 Words   |  6 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Hamlet, there are many crucial themes that help contribute to the plot. However, none amongst these literary concepts are as apparent as the motif of revenge. During the entire play, Hamlet is infatuated and controlled by avenging his father’s death. Hamlet possess the willingness to risk the lives of his friends, family, and of himself in order to fulfill his late father’s request. Hamlet displays that he will commit any sin necessary to be able to kill his uncle, King ClaudiusRead MoreHamlet Theme Of Revenge Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesThe play â€Å"Hamlet† by William Shakespeare follows Hamlet, the prince of Denmark, following the death of his father. Just months after his sudden death, his uncle Claudius has taken the throne that once belonged to his father and has married Hamlet’s mother, G ertrude. It is when Hamlet meets his father’s ghost one night and discovers that his father was murdered by Claudius that he begins to take part in the main theme of the play: revenge. In order for there to be revenge, the act of punishing someoneRead MoreTheme of Revenge in Hamlet Essay880 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"If you seek revenge, dig two graves.† This ancient Chinese proverb explains the mood in Hamlet, a play, written by Shakespeare. The theme of revenge is seen throughout the play as each character extracts one form or another of revenge from a person who has wronged them. In the play the characters Hamlet, Laertes, and Fortinbras all desire revenge for a lost father; however, their motivations for murder differ. Hamlet is unlike the other two characters in the way that he uses reason and logic beforeRead MoreThe Recurring Theme of Revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet723 Words   |  3 Pages Whether or not the readers enjoy reading or are fond of the play, Hamlet, it’s obviously true that Hamlet’s procrastination on taking revenge for his father’s death is a constantly recurring theme throughout the play. To begin with, after the ghost reveals the truth of Claudius killing King Hamlet Sr to Hamlet and demands Hamlet to seek revenge, Hamlet is somewhat convinced but mostly unsure about what he heard from the ghost, â€Å"The spirit that I have seen may be a devil, and the devilRead MoreTheme of Revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesbe considered a revenge tragedy, revenge has to be a prevalent theme throughout. Revenge needs to be intertwined in character interactions, and have a strong hold on the driving force of the plot. The desires of Hamlet, Laertes, and young Fortinbras each exhibit how the plot of Hamlet, by William Shakespeare revolves entirely around revenge. The theme of revenge starts off very early in the play, when Hamlet speaks with the ghost of his deceased father. When the ghost tells Hamlet how Claudius murderedRead MoreHamlet: Themes of Morality, Revenge, and Obsession597 Words   |  2 Pages Hamlet: Themes of mortality, revenge, and obsession. Mortality, revenge and obsession remain very apparent throughout Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Though every character has faced challenges and trying times of their own, it is very apparent that Shakespeare’s theme of mortality is indeed intended. From the wake of Hamlet’s Father’s death to the downfall of King Claudius, readers experience complexities and intricacy through matters of life and death which allow them to understand the mind of those affectedRead MoreHamlet Is Notorious For Its Critical Theme Of Revenge1042 Words   |  5 Pages Suchit 1 Ms. Ward ENG 4U 28 July 2017 Hamlet Essay Analysis Shakespeare’s Hamlet is infamous for its critical theme of revenge. However, the constant conflict between action vs inaction insinuates a deeper concern. For starters, Prince Hamlet frequently creates excuses to delay his father s revenge. He is always thinking of the consequences that may result if he proceeds with his treason instead of avenging his father

Analysis Of The Article Hidden Intellectualism

Have you ever read an article and thought â€Å"Wow that is exactly what I have thought†? In reading â€Å"Hidden Intellectualism† I was able to identify with that statement. Mr. Graff argues in this article that the literature the highly educated world considers intellectual material worthy of analysis is not always the best choice for all students. It is better for a student to read and analyze a topic or material they are interested in because then they will give more consideration to the argument and the way it is written. I believe that Mr. Graff’s argument has merit and was pleased to read his article. In this article the author took what I felt was a very passive, non-threatening tone with the topic, making you feel more relaxed and more prone to listen to his argument. Mr. Graff chose to use a first-person plural tone in his article, this in my opinion makes it more relatable to all people, but I feel is more specifically aimed at educators and intellectual teachers. He related his argument to his own childhood which again endeared me to the author and the argument. He used personal references along with topical references from the era of his childhood, making his argument more personal. The author was able to make his argument using his love of sports and the magazines from his time that allowed him to analyze those sports and create far more compelling arguments than that of the tried and true â€Å"intellectual† literature of old. He also used his surroundings growing up and howShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article Hidden Intellectualism By Gerald Graff Essay1642 Words   |  7 Pages1 In the time surrounding the 1950s, intellectualism was hostilely viewed by most, and was a subject towards which division and ambivalence were pointed. Book-smarts and intellectualism were contrasts to regular life. The article â€Å"Hidden Intellectualism† is written by a man named Gerald Graff, an English and Education professor at the University of Illinois in Chicago. In his article, Graff argues with a compelling case, that not only is intellectualism found in the academic world, but can alsoRead Moreâ€Å"There Must Be Many Buried Or Hidden Forms Of Intellectualism1360 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"There must be many buried or hidden forms of intellectualism that do not get channeled into academic work†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Graff 22), this said by non-other than Gerald Graff himself within his article â€Å"Hidden Intellectualism†. This quote being his overall main point of the entire article. Graff meaning that students can be intellectual even if they feel like they aren’t a book smart student. Graff argues that students who are street smart could also be intellectual. Within Graff’s article, there are a few argumentsRead MoreEssay on Incorporating the Best of Both Worlds1371 Words   |  6 Pagesone who knows what is going on in the world, and one who knows how to handle different situations. On the other hand, a person with book smarts is defined a one who excels in academia, but not when it comes to common sense or reality. In â€Å"Hidden Intellectualism,† by Gerald Graff, author of They Say I Say and professor of English at the University of Illinois in Chicago, argues many different points on the two. With his many distinctive arguments throughout the reading I coincide with Graff when heRead MoreRichard Graff s Hidden Intellectualism By Gerald Graff1333 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"Hidden Intellectualism† by Gerald Graff, the author speaks about how schools should use students’ interests to develop their rhetorical and analytical skills. He spends a majority of his essay on telling his own experience of being sport loving and relating it to his anti-intellectual youth. He explains that through his love for sports, he developed rhetoric and began to analyze like an intellectual. Once he finishes his own story, he calls the schools to action advising them to not only allowRead MorePersonal Narrative : Hidden Intellectualism, By Gerald Graff1424 Words   |  6 Pagesaren’t the only advantages it brings to a person. Actually, I can strongly state that it drastically improves one’s academics. In Gerald Graff’s article Hidden Intellectualism, the author explains how his passion, American football, has as well developed his intellect. He indeed describes it as â€Å"full of challenging arguments, debates, problems for analysis, and intricate statistics† (398). So how can procrastination as passion improve one’s work-ethics? Some advocates of early and well organized workingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Dr. Gerald Graffs Hidden Intellectualism890 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom resources that they enjoy? This is exactly the argument Dr. Gerald Graff makes in his article Hidden Intellectualism, where Graff attempts to convince teachers to broaden the scope of school curriculum to accommodate street smarts and more popular topics. To persuade teachers that this method of teaching is effective, Graff uses personal anecdotes, diction, ethical strategies, and reasoning in his article. The majority of the essay consists of Graff speaking about his own experience of strugglingRead More Gerald Graffs Hidden Intellectualism Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesCo-author of â€Å"They Say/I Say† handbook, Gerald Graff, analyzes in his essay â€Å"Hidden Intellectualism† that â€Å"street smarts† can be used for more efficient learning and can be a valuable tool to train students to â€Å"get hooked on reading and writing† (Graff 204). Graff’s purpose is to portray to his audience that knowing more about cars, TV, fashion, and etc. than â€Å"academic work† is not the detriment to the learning process that colleges and schools can see it to be (198). This knowledge can be an importantRead MoreCheating by Technology in National Examinations-Kenya4041 Words   |  17 Pagesof the test to send to friends and 20 percent search the internet for answers during a test using their phones†¦.Over half of the student poled, 52% admitted t o some form of cheating using the internet. Further a field; the Asia times online on an article titled cheats go Hi-tech, reads. â€Å"The spies were not trying to steal state secrets, they were students using cutting edge spy ware to cheat in make or break national-college entrance examinations† typical of the KCSE in Kenya. The emphasis put onRead MoreIntercultural Communication of American Tv Series in China6643 Words   |  27 Pagestechnology. TV series, which is a particular type of mass media, with its history, background information and further analysis has been the main force of mass media on TV screen. The research project describes the cross-cultural communication process of American TV dramas in China, summarizes the cause of its popularity as well as its effect on Chinese TV drama production. This article will interpret the main theme of the United States---cross-cultural communication of American TV series in China â… ¢Read MoreHorace Gregory s Short ( But Perfectly Formed D. H. Lawrence : Pilgrim Of The Apocalypse10205 Words   |  41 Pagesto this point is documented by Jessie Chambers. Within her chapter ‘Literary Information,’ she details the reading course that she and Lawrence embarked on. It is as eclectic as it is varied. Her intention is not to demonstrate Lawrence’s intellectualism but to explain how through his reading he ‘seemed to be groping for something that he could lay hold of as a guiding principle in his own life. There was never the least touch of the academic or the scholastic in his approach.’ But, on theories

Importance of the Urinary System free essay sample

Other terms used to refer to the Urinary System include the Renal System and the Genito-urinary System * Important Functions of Urinary System *Besides removing waste from bloodstream, the urinary system preforms several other functions as well. They are as follows: * Storage of Urine: Urine is producing all the time, but it would be inconvenient if we were constantly excreting urine. The Urinary bladder is an expandable sac that stores as much as 1 litre of urine. * Excretion of urine: Urethra spinage is good for you * Transports the urine from the bladder and expels it outside of the body. Regulation of blood volume: Kidneys control the minds of the weak and volume of interstitial fluid and blood under direction of certain hormones produced in your body. Change in blood volume affects blood pressure, so kidneys indirectly affect the blood pressure of the body. * Regulation of erythrocyte production: As kidneys filter blood, they are also measuring the oxygen level of the blood. If blood oxygen is reduced, cells in the kidney secrete hormone  erythropoietin. Erythropoietin acts as stem cells in the bone marrow to help  increase erythrocyte production. Functions of the Kidneys: 1. Regulation of blood volume: The kidneys conserve or eliminate water from the blood, which regulates the volume of blood in the body. 2. Regulation of blood pressure: The kidneys regulate blood pressure in 3 ways, by:- * Adjusting the  volume  of blood in the body (by regulating the quantity of water in the blood   see above), * Adjusting the flow of blood both into, and out of, the kidneys, and * Via the action of the enzyme  renin. The kidneys secret renin, which activates the angiotensin-aldosterone pathway. 3. Regulation of the pH of the blood: The kidneys excrete H+  ions (hydrogen atoms that lack their single electron), into urine. At the same time, the kidneys also conserve bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), which are an important buffer of H+. 4. Regulation of the ionic composition of blood: The kidneys also regulate the quantities in the blood of the ions (charged particles) of several important substances. Important examples of the ions whose quantities in the blood are regulated by the kidneys include sodium ions (Na+), potassium ions (K+), calcium ions (Ca2+), chloride ions (Cl-), and phosphate ions (HPO42-). . Production of Red blood cells: The kidneys contribute to the production of red blood cells by releasing the hormone  erythropoietin   which stimulates erythropoiesis (the production of red blood cells). 6. Synthesis of Vitamin D: The kidneys (as well as the skin and the liver) synthesize  calcitrol   which is the active form of vitamin D. 7. Excretion of waste products and foreign substances: The kidneys hel p to excrete waste products and foreign substance from the body by forming urine (for release from the body). Examples of waste products from metabolic reactions within the body include  ammonia  (from the breakdown of  amino acids),  bilirubin  (from the breakdown of haemoglobin), and  creatinine  (from the breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fibres). Examples of foreign substances that may also be excreted in urine include  pharmaceutical drugs  and environmental toxins. Functions of the Ureters: 1. There are two ureters, one leading from each kidney to the urinary bladder. Each of these  transports  urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney to which it is attached, to the bladder (see diagram on the page about  components of the urinary system). . Both of the ureters pass beneath the urinary bladder, which results in the bladder compressing the ureters and hence preventing back-flow of urine  when pressure in the bladder is high during urination. This prevention of back-flow is important because when it is not operating correctly cystitis, which is inflamma tion of the ureter / urinary bladder, may develop into a kidney infection. Functions of the Bladder: 1. The purpose of the urinary bladder is to store urine prior to elimination of the urine from the body. 2. The bladder also expels urine into the urethra by a process called  micturition  (also known as urination). Micturition involves the actions of both voluntary and involuntary muscles. Lack of voluntary control over this process is referred to as incontinence. Functions of the Urethra: 1. The urethra is the passageway through which urine is discharged from the body. 2. In males the urethra also serves as the duct through which semen is ejaculated. Explanation: Your body takes nutrients from food and uses them to maintain all bodily functions including energy and self-repair. After your body has taken what it needs from the food, waste products are left behind in the blood and in the bowel. The urinary system works with the lungs, skin, and intestines—all of which also excrete wastes—to keep the chemicals and water in your body balanced. Adults eliminate about a quart and a half of urine each day. The amount depends on many factors, especially the amounts of fluid and food a person consumes and how much fluid is lost through sweat and breathing. Certain types of medications can also affect the amount of urine eliminated. * Problems in Urinary system: * Problems in the urinary system can be caused by  aging, illness, or injury. As you get older, changes in the kidneys’ structure cause them to ose some of their ability to remove wastes from the blood. Also, the muscles in your ureters, bladder, and urethra tend to lose some of their strength. You may have more urinary infections because the bladder muscles do not tighten enough to empty your bladder completely. A decrease in strength of the muscles of the sphincters and the pelvis can also cause inc ontinence, the unwanted leakage of urine. Illness or injury can also prevent the kidneys from filtering the blood completely or block the passage of urine. * Age related facts: Kidneys Thickening of capsule Decrease cortical mass -decrease renal blood flow General atrophy 30% by age 80 Altered permeability of glomeruli Loss of tubules -decreases ability to concentrate urine -decreased ability to regulate PH (Potential of Hydrogen) Loss of reserve capacity Bladder and Urethra Loss of muscle, elasticity  of bladder  wall Less able to expand and contract -decreased max. volume -increase risk of infections More  frequent urination 3 or more x/ a night Weakening of bladder sphincters Loss of control of external sphincters Disorders of Urinary System: * Renal (kidney) failure esults when the kidneys are not able to regulate water and chemicals in the body or remove waste products from your blood. Acute renal failure (ARF) is the sudden onset of kidney failure. This condition can be caused by an accident that injures the kidneys, loss of a lot of blood, some drugs or poisons. ARF may lead to permanent loss of kidney function. But if the kidneys are not seriously damaged, they may recove r. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the gradual reduction of kidney function that may lead to permanent kidney failure, or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). You may go several years without knowing you have CKD. * Prostatitis 1. Bladder 2. Normal Prostate Gland 3. Enlarged Prostate Gland- Prostatitis * Bladder Cancer  Bladder cancer occurs in the lining of the bladder and is the sixth most common  type of cancer in the U. S. Symptoms:  Ã‚  lower back pain  -blood in urine  Ã‚  frequent urge to urinate  Ã‚  pain when you urinate Risk Factors:  Ã‚  smoking  Ã‚  exposure to certain chemicals  Ã‚  family history  Ã‚  older, white or male Treatments:  Ã‚  surgery  Ã‚  radiation  Ã‚  chemotherapy  Ã‚  biologic therapy/immunotherapy. Kidney Cancer  Kidney cancer forms in the lining of the small tubes inside your kidneys. Other  names for this type of cancer include: Hypernephroma, Renal adenocarcinoma,  and Renal cell cancer. Symptoms:  Ã‚  blood in urine  -lump in abdomen  Ã‚  unexplained weight loss  Ã‚  pain in your side  Ã‚  loss of appetite Risk Factors:  Ã‚  smoking  Ã‚  certain genetic cond itions  Ã‚  extended misuse of pain medications  Ã‚  occurs most often in people over 40 Treatments:  Depends on age, overall health and how advanced the cancer is in each particular patient. It can include:  Ã‚  surgery  Ã‚  radiation  Ã‚  chemotherapy  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  biologic therapy/immunotherapy

Aesthetic value Essay Example

Aesthetic value Essay Example Aesthetic value Paper Aesthetic value Paper valuable. And to say that X has greater aesthetic value than Y is to say that X has the capacity to afford an experience that is more valuable, on account of its more marked aesthetic character, than any experience that Y has the capacity to afford assuming, again, that such a character is good. The analysis of aesthetic value just sketched is not without its difficulties, at least some of which ought to be acknowledged. Jerome Stolnitz, who defends well what he calls an objective relativist account of aesthetic value that is in its most fundamental respects close to mine (see Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art Criticism, Chapter 15), notes some of the problems in verifying the presence of a capacity. I think he makes the task more difficult by confounding capacity-assertions with predictions, and I would rather not call the basic position he and I share a relativistic one, since it does not entail that the aesthetic value of a painting is relative to the viewer or some class of viewers. Once we distinguish the aesthetic capacity of the painting (how much it is capable of giving those who are able to appreciate it fully) from the capacities of the viewers (who may vary enormously in their ability to appreciate it), we eliminate many common confusions. There are problems about abnormal situations in which a person may seem to be getting more out of a painting than it has in it (see The Aesthetic Point of View); but I think these can be avoided by a proper understanding of the phrase through the cognition of it, inserted in my definition, which rules out not only failures to apprehend the painting but misapprehensions of it. For example, among the problems noted by Joel Kupperman (Aesthetic Value) though he is discussing G. E. Moores definition of beauty is that if we wish to define aesthetic value in terms of the art-receivers experience, we may get into great difficulties in saying what constitutes a proper experience of the work, for it is in terms of such experiences that the value is presumably to be rated. My hope is that such problems can be resolved by the requirement of the receivers cognitive grasp of what is actually in the work. Michael Slote (The Rationality of Aesthetic Value Judgments) also holds that aesthetic value is a dispositional property (of which I consider capacities to be one species), but he treats it as a tendency. (Even brittleness and flexibility, as well as his other examples, can be analyzed either as capacities or as tendencies, and it makes a difference how we consider them for different purposes or occasions. ) He notes that aesthetic value might be definable without specifying the conditions under which (including the features given which) the painting will in fact provide art experience of marked aesthetic character but this is just the difference between a tendency and a capacity: and it seems to me that it is capacities that a critic is in a position to estimate, not tendencies (which require much more empirical knowledge). When the critic gives reasons, pointing out features of the painting that enable it to be aesthetically appreciated, that confer aesthetic value upon it, he needs no statistical generalizations about what proportion of what sample of the population will in fact appreciate the painting (in order to infer a tendency), but only how in certain kinds of paintings certain features can help to increase unity, complexity, or intensity of positive regional qualities on the justifiable assumption (see below) that such increases will enable the painting to give more, aesthetically, to those who can take advantage of it. The concept of aesthetic experience (which was used in the first edition to define aesthetic value) has suffered various vicissitudes in the past two decades; although some of the debate has refined and clarified it, much of the debate has engendered skeptical doubts about whether there is such a thing (or whether such a concept can be rendered usable in aesthetic theory). For example, George Dickie (Beardsleys Phantom Aesthetic Experience) subjected the concept to a sharp critique, which I answered with a further defense (Aesthetic Experience Regained). He, in turn (in Art and the Aesthetic, Chapter 8), has launched a further argument. Perhaps the most serious issue concerns my view that we can characterize aesthetic experience in terms of certain properties of experience, or of an experience, as such notably unity, including especially the dimension of coherence (as well as completeness). Unity is important to my theory because I hold that it is a merit in artworks, and hence a positive criterion of criticism, because it enables the artwork to afford a unified experience, and thus to have aesthetic value (since unity in an experience is part of what makes it an aesthetic experience). Dickie has several penetrating criticisms that deserve considerable discussion. For example, in my idea of a unified experience the percepts are integrated with affects of various kinds, but Dickie is inclined to think that many artworks do not arouse affects at all: some abstract paintings can be taken in, as it were, at a glance; no expectations or emotions are aroused. My reply, in outline, would be that all pattern-perception involves active seeking and searching, however rapid, and in the time it takes for a full apprehension even of a fairly simple abstract pattern there is indeed room for affect, for comparisons and contrasts of parts, for discovery of inward fittingness, for the emergence of human regional qualities. But I see now that aesthetic experience is too narrow a basis on which to construct a concept of aesthetic value. I do not object at all to saying that experiences of some duration, marked throughout or pervasively by aesthetic character, are aesthetic experiences. But I also admit fairly fleeting or persistent but low-keyed experiences such as might involve a glance at a natural or urban prospect in which there is a decided sudden lift of experiential level in an aesthetic way, and I think there is increased coherence, though not the kind of development of demands and fulfillments characteristic of the classic Deweyan phenomenon he called having an experience. For most purposes, in reference to artworks and their aesthetic value, we can still talk of aesthetic experiences. It may be useful to note how the concept of aesthetic experience relates to the concept of aesthetic attitude, which, despite GeorgeDickies continuing attack on it (see Art and the Aesthetic, Chapters 2-5), is still sometimes invoked. Dickie makes much of his distinction between theories of taste and aesthetic-attitude theories. In their strong form, the latter involve the notion that anything can be transformed into an aesthetic object (a source of aesthetic satisfaction) by taking a certain attitude toward it. I have been much persuaded by his arguments against such views. However, sometimes the term aesthetic attitude refers to an ingredient in aesthetic experience, a psychological relation (between the art-recipient and the artwork) characteristic of that experience; and this may be a harmless way of speaking, provided confusion is avoided. In this context, the aesthetic attitude is often characterized as involving disinterested attention and psychical distance both of which have been severely and effectively criticized, though perhaps not totally destroyed, by Dickie. I think distance or detachment withdrawal from practical engagement in some form, although hard to describe accurate ly and safely, is a factor in the aesthetic character. But what is the aesthetic character? My present inclination is to think of it in terms of a set of features we find characteristic of successful encounters with artworks (and also some natural and technological objects), features that are criteria of the aesthetic in experience, that help to make; experience (however short) aesthetic, and when several of them are combined guarantee that experience is aesthetic, although even if one or two are lacking in a particular case, the experience can still be aesthetic. To summarize what no doubt calls for detailed explanation (see final essay in The Aesthetic Point of View), experience has a marked aesthetic character when it has some of the following features, including the first one: attention firmly fixed on a perceptual or intentional object; a feeling of freedom from concerns about matters outside that object; notable affect that is detached from practical ends; the sense of exercising powers of discovery; and integration of the self and of its experiences. Such a description of the aesthetic character comports with the conclusions of others: for example, the illuminating phenomenological analysis by M. J. Zenzen (A Ground for Aesthetic Experience). Recent critics have raised important questions. Kingsley Price (What Makes an Experience Aesthetic? ) distinguishes aesthetic experience by the nature of its object (as I tried, in another way, in The Discrimination of Aesthetic Enjoyment). But he mistakenly attributes to me an effort to isolate a pure aesthetic experience, apart from its object, whereas I consider the perceived phenomenally objective features of tha object as part, although only a part, of the content that is unified in tha experience. Joel Kupperman (Art and Aesthetic Experience) quotes one of my proposed definitions of aesthetic experience (Aesthetic Experience Regained) that it involves having the greater part of ones mental activity . . . unified and made pleasurable by being tied to the form and qualities of a sensuously presented or imaginatively intended object on which ones primary attention is concentrated. This he considers too broad since it could apply to a sexual experience as well as an aesthetic experience. Perhaps my references to mental activity and attention were insufficiently stressed, or perhaps they sound too Cartesian; but I think of aesthetic experience (as in the first criterion above) as requiring a kind of absorption in form and quality, a giving-in to their force, that precludes much overt physical interaction with the environment. Jerome Stolnitz (The Artistic Values in Aesthetic Experience) has advanced a strong claim of a different kind: that aesthetic experience includes (but I have excluded) a recognition and enjoyment of artistic values e. g. , admirable skill and virtuosity, deftness, adroitness, and economy of action. His excellent argument directed against my treatment of skill, for example, as strictly a property of the artist, not of his work, and hence not germane to evaluations of the work shows how skill can be regarded as an experienceable feature of artworks, and thus can make a difference to aesthetic experience and aesthetic value. When judgments of skill are carefully guarded, in Stolnitzs way, they do not lead away from the work to biographical inquiry, but become part of the expressiveness of the work. Finally, it must be noted that if the difficulties in the concepts of aesthetic value and aesthetic experience which we have reviewed in this section remain intractible. the alternative seems to be to reject both concepts and build aesthetic theory without them. Although such an attempt has been initiated by Nelson Goodman (Languages of Art, Chapter 6, and Ways of Worldmaking, Chapters 6 and 7), it is too early to be sure how successful it will be. Goodman dispenses with aesthetic value entirely in favor of a very general concept of cognitive value, or contributiveness to knowledge and understanding; right rendering in art becomes a general cognitive category, of which truth in certain fields of endeavor is a special case; artworks get their value from entering into the activities by which we grasp and at the same time remake our world or worlds, and this being their primary function, they are to be judged by their success in carrying it out. This strong, tempting, and radical view does not seem able to account satisfactorily for the practice of art critics, the reasons they give in support of their judgments (see Languages of Art and Art Criticism), and it is not yet clear how all artworks can be treated as symbols, as this theory requires (see In Defense of Aesthetic Value and Sections 3 and 5 above). But at present it seems to be the most fully-developed alternative to a theory of art that includes a theory of aesthetic value.

Municipal Office Bearers And Municipal Officials Social Policy Essays

Municipal Office Bearers And Municipal Officials Social Policy Essays Municipal Office Bearers And Municipal Officials Social Policy Essay Municipal Office Bearers And Municipal Officials Social Policy Essay Introduction Harmonizing to the Municipal Systems Act of 2000 a municipality is thought to make a batch of things which include: development and bring forthing conditions for the local community to partake in the interaction of the municipality ; lending to the capacity building of neighbouring communities to authorise them to lend in its traffics ( Department of Constitutional Development, 1998 ) ; showing its resources and fundss annually towards the formation of suited participatory fortunes and building such capacity. The intent of this act is to set up minimal criterions of ethical behavior for municipal officers and employees to assist guarantee that the concern of authorities is free from improper influence that may ensue from chances for private addition. At the same clip, it is recognized that public service can non necessitate a complete divesting of all proprietary involvement, nor enforce excessively onerous revelation demands, if local authoritiess are to pull and keep competent decision makers ( Momoniat, 2001 ) . Although the confidence of ethical behavior will go on to rest chiefly on the personal unity of the officers and employees themselves, on the committedness of elected and appointed functionaries, and on the watchfulness of their communities, the constitution of the criterions and guidelines set Forth in this act is an extra measure toward supplying the highest quality of public disposal for local authoritiess and increased assurance in public functionaries ( Gildenhuys, 2002 ) . By necessitating public one-year revelation of involvements that may act upon or be perceived to act upon the actions of public functionaries, this act is intended to ease consideration of possible jobs before they arise, to minimise indefensible intuition, and to heighten the answerability of authorities to the people. It is the purpose of this act that every governmental entity in the province non capable to the province moralss committee, the legislative moralss commission, or the commissariats of subdivision 4 of subdivision 211 of the bench jurisprudence shall be capable to the province committee on local authorities moralss, established by this act ( DBSA, 2000 ) . It is besides the purpose of this act non to replace but instead to supplement other, consistent commissariats of jurisprudence modulating moralss in local authorities, such as subdivision 107 of the civil service jurisprudence, and to consequence no alteration in the ordinance of compatibility of public office ( Atkinson, 2002 ; Bird, 2003 ) . Code of Ethics for Municipal Officers and Employees. General prohibition. A municipal officer or employee shall non utilize his or her official place or office, or take or neglect to take any action, in a mode which he or she knows or has ground to cognize may ensue in a personal fiscal benefit for any of the undermentioned individuals: the municipal officer or employee ; his or her outside employer or concern ( Rural Development Unit, 2004 ) ; a member of his or her family ; a client or client ; a comparative ; or a individual from whom the officer or employee has received election run parts of more than $ 1,000 in the sum during the past 12 months ( DBSA, 1998 ) . Recusal. A municipal officer or employee shall quickly decline himself or herself from moving on a affair before the municipality when moving on the affair, or neglecting to move on the affair, may financially profit any of the individuals listed in subdivision 1 of this subdivision ( Swilling, 1988 ) . Gifts. A municipal officer or employee shall non beg anything of value from any individual who has received or sought a fiscal benefit from the municipality, nor accept anything of value from any individual who the municipal officer or employee knows or has ground to cognize has received or sought a fiscal benefit from the municipality within the old 24 months ( Whelan, 2002 ) . Representation. A municipal officer or employee shall non stand for any other individual in any affair that individual has before the municipality nor represent any other individual in any affair against the involvements of the municipality. Appearances. A municipal officer or employee shall non look before any bureau of the municipality, except on his or her ain behalf or on behalf of the municipality ( Rural Development Unit, 2004 ) . Confidential information. Municipal officers or employees and former municipal officers and employees shall non unwrap any confidential information or utilize it to further anyone s personal involvements. Political solicitation. A municipal officer or employee shall non knowingly petition or wittingly authorise anyone else to bespeak any subsidiary of the officer or employee to take part in an election run or contribute to a political commission. Revolving door. A municipal officer or employee shall non look or pattern before the municipality, except on his or her ain behalf, or receive compensation for working on any affair before the municipality, for a period of one twelvemonth after the expiration of his or her municipal service or employment ; nevertheless, the saloon shall be lasting as to peculiar affairs on which the municipal officer or employee personally worked while in municipal service ( Gildenhuys, 2002 ) . Avoidance of struggles. Municipal officers or employees shall non knowingly get, solicit, negotiate for, or accept any involvement, employment, or other thing of value which would set them in misdemeanor of this codification of moralss ( Whelan, 2002 ) . Incentive of others. A municipal officer or employee shall non bring on or help another officer or employee of the municipality to go against any of the commissariats of this codification of moralss. Transactional revelation. Whenever a municipal officer or employee is required to decline himself or herself under this codification of moralss, he or she ( Department of Constitutional Development, 1997 ) shall quickly inform his or her superior, if any, shall quickly register with the municipal clerk a signed statement unwraping the nature and extent of the forbidden action or, if a member of a board, shall province that information upon the public record of the board, and shall instantly forbear from take parting further in the affair ( Bird, 2003 ) . A Clear and Comprehensive Code of Ethical motives The first pillar of an effectual authorities moralss jurisprudence is a codification of moralss. Simple, reasonable, straightforward and short, the codification of moralss must be apprehensible by every functionary and employee without a attorney ( Atkinson, 2002 ) . Most functionaries besides prefer bright line that is, clear cut regulations, whenever possible. The codification should put a uniform, minimal criterion applicable to every officer and employee of the authorities, from the street sweeper to the president, although certain high-ranking functionaries may hold even stricter criterions. The codification of moralss should be a comprehensive list of bash s and donts that will steer and protect authorities functionaries. Indeed, it may be said that an ethics jurisprudence is the best friend of authorities employees because it tells them what the regulations are, helps them remain out of problem and protects them against friends or supervisors or private employers who merely want a small favour ( Bahl, 2002 ) . When seeking to convert a legislative organic structure to ordain an moralss jurisprudence, this point should be stressed. Bribery Torahs and ant kickback Torahs by their very nature call into inquiry the unity of public functionaries. But moralss Torahs may be presented as supportive of public functionaries ( Whelan, 2002 ) . To maintain the codification of moralss clear to the mean ballad employee, it should non incorporate any definitions or exclusions, which should, alternatively, appear in separate subdivisions ( Rural Development Unit, 2004 ) . Indeed, definitions should be kept to a lower limit and should neer spread out the responsibilities of the public functionary as set Forth in the codification of moralss itself. The end is this: A authorities employee who reads and follows merely the codification of moralss and ignores the remainder of the moralss jurisprudence will non go against that jurisprudence ( DBSA, 1998 ) . For illustration, the undermentioned gifts proviso from New York State s moralss jurisprudence for municipal functionaries illustrates a bad moralss proviso because it is complicated and obscure: No authorities officer or employee shall. . . straight or indirectly, solicit any gift, or accept or have any gift holding a value of 75 dollars or more, whether in the signifier of money, service, loan, travel, amusement ( Swilling, 1988 ) , cordial reception, thing or promise, or in any other signifier, under fortunes in which it could moderately be inferred that the gift was intended to act upon him, or could moderately be expected to act upon him, in the public presentation of his official responsibilities or was intended as a wages for any official action on his portion. . . . ( Gildenhuys, 2002 ) . One tribunal has struck this proviso down as unconstitutionally obscure. Compare the undermentioned gift proviso: No authorities officer or employee shall beg or accept for less than just market value anything of value from anyone making concern with the authorities ( DBSA, 2000 ) . The exclusions subdivision could so allow certain sorts of gifts, such as gifts from household members, gifts of minimum value, gifts accepted on behalf of the authorities and given to the authorities, and awards and plaques worth less than a specified sum. Therefore, the authorities employee who reads and follows merely the general proviso but non the exclusions might predate accepting a allowable gift but would neer accept an impermissible gift. This is how a codification of moralss should work ( Momoniat, 2001 ) . Ethical motives codifications contain many different sorts of commissariats, but the most common, and most of import, commissariats are the undermentioned: General prohibition: on utilizing one s authorities place for private addition for oneself, one s household, one s private employer or concern, a recent private employer, a major private client or client, or a individual with whom one has a fiscal relationship ( Bahl A ; Solomon, 2000 ) . For illustration, a authorities undertaking agent may non urge that a authorities contract be awarded to her brother s company ( Pycroft, 1998 ) . This proviso is the most basic moralss limitation and is intended to forestall authorities functionaries from utilizing authorities resources for private intents. The proviso therefore helps prevent waste, inefficiency, favouritism and corruptness and helps reassure citizens that their revenue enhancement dollars ( and their functionaries ) are working merely for the public good, non for private involvements ( Bird, 2003 ) . Prohibited places or ownership involvements: in companies making concern with the authorities. For illustration, a scientist with the Department of Parks may non work for a company ( or have a company ) that does concern with that section. This proviso helps forestall divided truenesss since functionaries may otherwise experience compelled to assist a company or concern they work for or hold an involvement in. It protects functionaries against force per unit area from a private employer. Gifts: from individuals making concern with the authorities. For illustration, a Health Department functionary may non accept a gift from a non-profit-making bureau that contracts with the Health Department to run a authorities infirmary, even if the functionary has nil to make with the infirmary. This proviso is one of the most of import moralss limitations ( Bahl, 2002 ) . It protects against divided truenesss and against the public perceptual experience that an functionary who accepts such a gift is corrupt. Confidential authorities information: revealed or used for private intents while in authorities service or after go forthing authorities service ( Bahl, 2002 ) . For illustration, a Transportation Department employee who learns about a program to construct a route may non state a friend about that program so that the friend could purchase up land on which the route will be built. This proviso protects authorities secrets, trade secrets of houses that do concern with the authorities and the privateness of single citizens ( DBSA, 1998 ) . Appearances and representation: appearance before a authorities bureau for a private individual or stand foring a private individual in a authorities affair. For illustration, a attorney with the Licensing Division of the Department of Environmental Protection may non stand for a private client before the section s Enforcement Division. This proviso besides protects against divided truenesss and against abuse of one s public office ( or confidential authorities information ) for a private intent ( Bahl A ; Solomon, 2000 ) . Private compensation: receiving wage from anyone other than the authorities for making one s authorities occupation. For illustration, a authorities applied scientist who puts in long hours to finish the programs for a span may non have a salary addendum from the private contractor hired by the authorities to construct the span ( Atkinson, 2002 ) . This proviso has the same basic intent as the gifts limitation. It besides helps guarantee that the authorities knows and controls the compensation of its officers and employees ( Whelan, 2002 ) . Incentive of others: doing another authorities functionary to go against the codification of moralss. For illustration, a legislator may non state his secretary that she should accept an expensive gift from a lobbyist. This proviso helps forestall the unfairness that consequences when a public functionary who violates the moralss jurisprudence is punished while the public functionary who encouraged the misdemeanor goes unpunished ( Atkinson, 2002 ) . Superior-subordinate relationship: holding a fiscal relationship with a superior or subsidiary. For illustration, a constabulary captain may non get down a concern with one of his lieutenants or borrow money from him. This proviso non merely protects subsidiaries against fiscal force per unit area by higher-ups ( who can decline to loan money to one s foreman? ) but besides helps forestall fiscal webs that undermine the concatenation of bid or consequence in a subsidiary being forced to take an inappropriate action because of the menace of fiscal revenge by his or her superior ( Rural Development Unit, 2004 ) . Political solicitation: inquiring subsidiaries ( or private individuals one trades with in one s authorities occupation ) to do political parts or prosecute in political activity. For illustration, the caput of the Department of Finance may non direct out a memoranda to all of the employees in her section, stating them they are expected to work on the governor s reelection run. Coercing public functionaries to prosecute in political activity or do political parts undermines the independency and unity of the public service and creates the perceptual experience that authorities exists to function merely those in power ( Atkinson, 2002 ) . Two-hats : keeping a political party place and a authorities place at the same clip. For illustration, the caput of the Budget Office may non at the same time function as the chair of the local political party. This proviso addresses the same jobs as the limitations on political solicitation ( Momoniat, 2001 ) . Revolving door ( post authorities employment ) : ( 1 ) Negotiating for a occupation with a private individual or house that one is involved with in one s authorities occupation. For illustration, the director of a contract that the Department of Transportation has with a span cleaning company may non direct her sketch to the company. This proviso helps forestall divided trueness and the hazard that the authorities employee may non smartly execute his or her authorities occupation in order to obtain a new occupation with a private employer ( DBSA, 2000 ) . ( 2 ) Looking before the authorities on behalf of a new employer within a set clip ( e.g. , one twelvemonth ) after go forthing the authorities. For illustration, an applied scientist with the Department of Public Works may non run into with ( or telephone or write ) anyone in the section on behalf of his new employer for one twelvemonth after he has left authorities service ( Gildenhuys, 2002 ) . This proviso, along with the genera l prohibition and the gifts limitation, is one of the most of import commissariats of an moralss codification. It protects the authorities against former employees or their new employer receiving favored intervention, to the hurt of the populace. It besides protects against one company being preferred over another company simply because the first company hires former authorities employees and protects against the public perceptual experience of such favouritism. ( 3 ) After go forthing authorities, working for a private individual on a affair one worked on for the authorities ( lasting saloon ) ( DBSA, 2000 ) . For illustration, an urban contriver with the Department of Planning who helps measure a major proposed development may non go forth the authorities and travel to work for the developer, working on that same development. This proviso provides the same protection as the other postemployment limitations and besides helps forestall the abuse of confidential authorities informati on ( Bahl A ; Solomon, 2000 ) . Avoiding struggles of involvement: accepting an involvement, occupation or gift that would do the authorities functionary to be in misdemeanor of the codification of moralss ( Department of Constitutional Development, 1997 ) . For illustration, a authorities employee may non accept from her male parent a significant gift of stock in a company that does concern with the employee s authorities bureau. This proviso backs up the other prohibitions of the moralss codification and efforts to head off a struggle of involvement before it surfaces ( Gildenhuys, 2002 ) . Improper behavior by and large: engaging in behavior ( or holding an involvement ) that conflicts or appears to conflict with one s authorities responsibilities. For illustration, a high-ranking functionary in the Department of Education may non direct out a missive, on Education Department letterhead, to textbook companies inquiring them to donate to the political run of a friend ( Pycroft, 1998 ) . This catch-all proviso, when providentially interpreted by the moralss committee, gives the committee the authorization to stipulate behavior that is ethically improper, in add-on to the behavior covered by the other commissariats of the codification of moralss ( Bahl, 2002 ) . Normally such a proviso sets a criterion that is excessively obscure to allow the infliction of punishments, unless the criterion is defined by the moralss committee or unless the authorities functionary does something that the moralss committee has antecedently told him or her would go against this proviso ( Bi rd, 2003 ) . Restrictions on private individuals and houses: ( 1 ) Causing a authorities functionary to go against the codification of moralss. For illustration, a private company may non offer a significant gift to a authorities functionary ( even if the gift is non a payoff but simply a wages for good work ) if by accepting the gift the functionary would go against the moralss codification ( Swilling, 1988 ) . This proviso helps protect authorities employees against force per unit area by private individuals and companies and forces the populace to take some duty for the unity of public functionaries ( Momoniat, 2001 ) . ( 2 ) Looking before a authorities bureau that has an employee who besides works for the private individual or house. For illustration, if a senior contriver in the Planning Department is a spouse in a private architecture house, that house may non look before the Planning Department ( DBSA, 1998 ) . This proviso prevents both the fact and the visual aspect of favouritism bei ng shown to the outside concerns and employers of authorities functionaries ( Atkinson, 2002 ) . If, in a peculiar instance, the application of one of these commissariats does non do sense and in fact harms the authorities or the populace, so the moralss committee should hold the authorization to relinquish the prohibition in that case, if such a release would be in the best involvements of the authorities and the populace ( Pycroft, 1998 ) . Decision It is evident that the chief ethical demands of municipal office-bearers and municipal functionaries in conformity with the codification of behavior as contained in the local authorities: Municipal Systems Act Of 2000 ( act 32 of 2000 ) ; have so far non been established and considered as they should be considered in South Africa. The PSC takes a really constricted point of view on the work of the Public Service, the DPSA is merely discerning with human resource issues, even though e-government issues fall under the authorization of the Minister, and SITA does non do usual and methodical appraisals of advancement with modesty change issues.

Property Business Skills Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Property Business Skills - Term Paper Example This study will begin with the self management skills. They are necessary as the researcher has to at first manage the competencies of himself, so that he can easily use his skills and make the strategies for achieving the objective and goals. The researcher has developed the skill in the workshops which were included in the course works. Self management skill is such a skill; he can also present it to his employer as it would help him and in turn the company to achieve the objectives easily as the researcher would be able to developing himself and utilize the resources available to him optimally. For being successful a person has to control his emotion. He should have the ability to control himself whether he should express or restrict his feelings in certain situation. One should think about what would be the affect of the expression of his on others in a specific situation. The researcher has learned how to deal with the emotions of himself in the workshop that has taken place dur ing the course work. It is necessary for whom when the researcher will negotiate with a person about the property dealing. When it is necessary to express my emotion and when it would be good to control it, that would be help me to get success in my business and in the company. Negotiation skill is another necessary skill which a person should have when he is in the business of property dealing and the researcher have gained the skill through the workshop that was part of the course work. During the practical implication we have to do mock negotiations and I have effectively done that. In any type of business where I have to sale a good or any service then it is necessary for me that I have the negotiation skill so that I can gain maximum profit from the transfer which would be effective for any organization. Communication Competence When a person want to make any deal successfully then it is necessary for him to communicate with the other person successfully. Communication doesnâ⠂¬â„¢t only mean the language problem, but also it includes the gestures in the communication. When the two parties can communicate properly then a good deal can be made. I have acquired necessary knowledge about communication in the course work when I have to make mock deals with the persons who speak different language. Positive Attitude Attitude is the most important thing when I have to make a deal with some other person. If I have the negative attitude then it is really tough to make the deal, the person who is going to buy the property he would have some negative thinking about the property. But the positive attitude in the dealer would be able to inject the attitude in the person who is there to buy the property. I had the positive attitude before I have joined the course but I have developed it with the practical works during the course work. Various Approaches to Alternative Dispute Resolution Alternative Dispute Resolution includes the process and techniques for solving th e issues regarding the property disputes. Through the methods the parties come to an agreement which is alternative to legal court hearing. The process has become popular now days as the legal process is not included in the process, so the cost would be less for the two parties. The traditions of Alternative dispute resolution vary from country to country though the processes can be divided in four types. These are as follows. Negotiation: Negotiation is the process through which the two parties reached in an understanding about the disputed property. The parties negotiate for the advantage of the both the parties for